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Celebrating 100 Years of Science! | 1925-2025

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The Arctic coastlines are highly variable, can be stable or extremely dynamic, and are the site of most of the human activity that occurs at high latitudes. Extraction of natural resources occurs in many locations around the Arctic Ocean creating the need for port facilities and the potential for pollution. These pressures are only likely to increase with time.
Human Dimension in the Arctic coastal zone
A typical offshore fishing boat in Samoa.
Double-hulled fishing boat (Samoa)
A typical double-hulled fishing boat, used for offshore fishing. Currently moored outside the fish market in Apia, Samoa.
Double-hulled fishing boat (Samoa)
The Arctic is a region that presents particularly challenging conditions for the oil industry and for responders due to the increasingly extreme weather conditions (cold, ice, hurricane force winds) and remote location with limited response infrastructure.
Arctic Drilling
The second line of defense for the workers and the well to prevent a blowout is the group of equipment called blowout preventers (BOPs). BOPs and associated valves are installed on top of the casing head before drilling ahead after rigging up. These high-pressure safety valves and associated equipment are designed to shut off the well hole and prevent the escape of the underground fluids and prevent a blowout from occurring.
Blowout Preventer
Positioned by multiple vessels, an attempt to contain an oil spill is made using temporary floating booms. Booms are used to reduce the possibility of polluting shorelines and other resources, and to help make recovery easier. Booms help to concentrate oil in thicker surface layers so that skimmers, vacuums, or other collection methods can be used more effectively.
Oil Spill Containment
Conceptual diagram illustrating the life cycle of the Caribbean spiny lobster.
Life cycle of the Caribbean spiny lobster
Illustration of oil rig platform
Petroleum industry: oil rig platform 2
Illustration of two-dimensional coastline base of gradient from catchment to river to nearshore and offshore reefs
Coastline 2D: catchment, river, nearshore and…
Illustration of a 2D estuary with continental island and offshore reef
Estuary 2D: continental island and offshore reef
Illustration of estuary base with barrier island
Estuary 2D: barrier island
Illustration of estuary base with channels and offshore sand drift
Estuary 2D: channels and offshore sand drift
Illustration of closed estuary base with offshore sandbars
Estuary 2D: closed with offshore sandbars
Illustration of tropical estuary base with offshore reef
Estuary 2D: tropical with offshore reef
Illustration of oil rig platform for petroleum industry
Petroleum industry: oil rig platform 1

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