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Celebrating 100 Years of Science! | 1925-2025

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Symbol Package
Conceptual diagram illustrating a hardened shoreline vs a natural shoreline. The hardened shoreline has concrete rip-rap or a sea wall. It can be very costly and can also interrupt natural shoreline processes and sand movement that can lead to increased erosion downdrift from the structure. A natural shoreline incorporates native vegetation with a buffer strip of sand and/or fiber logs. It filters runoff and traps sediment, actually widening the beach, and providing valuable shoreline habitat for wildlife.
Shoreline erosion control
Even without a storm present, a full-moon high tide and the low Eastern Shore of Maryland can combine to flood roads, utilities, and waterfront properties.
Flooding, Eastern Shore, MD
Even without a storm present, a full-moon high tide and the low Eastern Shore of Maryland can combine to flood roads, utilities, and waterfront properties.
Flooding, Eastern Shore, MD
Even without a storm present, a full-moon high tide and the low Eastern Shore of Maryland can combine to flood roads, utilities, and waterfront properties.
Flooding, Eastern Shore, MD
Even without a storm present, a full-moon high tide and the low Eastern Shore of Maryland can combine to flood roads, utilities, and waterfront properties.
Flooding, Eastern Shore, MD
Conceptual diagram illustrating saltwater intrusion on barrier islands due to climate change. As sea-level rises, ocean saltwater travels underground until it reaches the fresh groundwater in the mixing zone.
Saltwater Intrusion on Barrier Islands
Conceptual diagram illustrating relative seal-level rise based on global global sea levels and land subsistence; with examples from Key West, Florida and Galveston, Texas.
Relative Sea-level Rise
Conceptual diagram illustrating thermal expansion of the ocean in relation to climate change.
Experiment for Thermal Expansion
Conceptual diagram illustrating the effects of sea-level rise and storm surges on barrier islands. When sea-level rise combines with strong storms, barrier islands experience high storm surges, which increases the effects of flooding and erosion.
Sea-level Rise and Storm Surges on Barrier Islands
Conceptual diagram illustrating the effects of climate change on polar ice. There are two kinds of polar ice - ice that floats on the sea (sea ice) or ice that sits on land (land ice). The experiment demonstrates that sea ice does not impact sea-level rise when it melts, but land ice does add to sea-level rise when it melts into the ocean.
Experiment Demonstrating Melting Ice
Conceptual diagram illustrating what a waterfront owner can do to protect their property from climate change. Existing structures can be elevated in low-lying areas, and eco-friendly living shorelines can be implemented, to lessen climate change effects like flooding.
Elevation and Living Shoreline
Conceptual diagram illustrating changes due to the warming of the atmosphere. The average temperature on Earth has been increasing for many years, caused by increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Rising temperatures lead to a number of changes around the world.
Atmosphere Warming Changes
The many benefits of a healthy ocean need to be managed with sustainable land use practices that reduce the flow of sediments, nutrients, and pathogens into coastal waters; catch limits and gear restrictions for fisheries are implemented; and non-extraction zones are established to maximize the well-being of selected marine habitats and to allow them to provide valuable ecosystem services.
Climate change impacts on ecosystem and management
The Verde Island Passage (VIP) in the Philippines is known for its highly diverse and abundant marine ecosystems and resources: mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, seaweed communities, coral reefs, fish, and megafauna. Over 7 million people in the surrounding provinces are reliant on these resources for their livelihoods including fishing, aquaculture, and tourism.
Marine and coastal ecosystem features of the VIP
Multiple impacts threaten the natural resources of the Verde Island Passage. Human activity and natural threats include overfishing, destructive and illegal fishing practices, unsustainable coastal development, unsustainable land use practices, and natural disasters. Climate change threats include increased sea surface temperature, sea level rise, increased storm frequency and intensity, increased rainfall, and ocean acidification.
Threats to the marine resources of the Verde…
Illustration representing climate change and above average temperatures
Climate change: above average temperatures
Illustration representing climate change and below average temperatures
Climate change: below average temperatures
Conceptual diagram illustrating how fragmentation and habitat degradation interact with climate change by limiting species' ability to retreat or find refuge from rising temperatures or extreme events.
Habitat degradation and climate change
Conceptual diagram illustrating how land subsidence is a major factor contributing to relative sea-level rise.
Land subsidence & sea-level rise
Conceptual diagram illustrating the universal causes and effects of sea-level rise.
Relative sea-level rise
Conceptual diagram illustrating how sea-level rise creates mainland-fringing marshland, as well as how it affects existing marshes.
Sea-level rise & marshes
Conceptual diagram illustrating the 'Brunn rule', which is used to predict the landward movement of the shoreline relative to sea-level rise. This consists of developing an 'equilibrium profile' for the shoreface, which is shaped by the gradual release of wave energy approaching the shore.
The 'Brunn rule'
Flooding in the rural community of Madison surrounds firehouse
Tropical Storm Hanna
Flooding in the rural community of Madison surrounds historic home and cemetary
Tropical Storm Hanna
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